As electric vehicle (EV) sales continue to surge, and the first wave of mainstream EVs, like the 2018 Tesla Model 3, begin to come out of their original manufacturer powertrain warranty, EV maintenance and repair have gained more attention.
Until recently, the prevailing narrative was that electric vehicles require no repair. This idea is losing steam, as more owners share their experiences and service options expand beyond OEM dealerships.
However, two key questions remain: If you own an EV, what can require repair and maintenance? And can a regular auto mechanic handle it? This guide explores both.
EVs Require Less Maintenance
First, it’s true that electric vehicles generally have fewer maintenance needs than gas-powered vehicles. Several Tesla owners we’ve interviewed at Axle, as well as those on auto forums and Reddit, report little to no maintenance to keep their vehicles in top condition. The reduced maintenance needs stem from EV drivetrains’ streamlined design. Unlike traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, which have complex engines, transmissions, and exhaust systems, EVs have fewer moving parts. With no need for oil changes, fluid checks, or exhaust replacements, EV owners enjoy cost-effective servicing and fewer trips to the mechanic. Additionally, regenerative braking systems extend brake longevity by converting kinetic energy into electrical power, reducing brake wear.
Less Maintenance Doesn’t Mean Zero
While maintenance is minimal, it’s not nonexistent. Some service items still require attention. Tires, for example, need more frequent replacement due to the heavier battery weight of EVs compared to ICE vehicles.
EV Repairs Are More Complex
When repairs are needed—whether for system malfunctions, regular wear and tear, or collision-related damage—the process is often more complex. This complexity stems from the combination of high-voltage electricity, advanced software, and mechanical components. Repairing an EV often requires specialized knowledge and expertise in high-voltage safety, as well as familiarity with specific vehicle models.
The Need for Qualified EV Technicians
Specialized training for auto mechanics and technicians is now essential to ensure safety and effective repairs. Given the high voltages powering these vehicles, improper handling can lead to catastrophic consequences, including battery fires, especially after a collision. With the rise in EVs and OEM repair centers struggling to meet demand, the need for more EV-trained technicians beyond manufacturer or dealer shops is growing.
EV technician training is foundational but can also become model- and OEM-specific, with Tesla, Hyundai, and Ford offering different repair guidelines. As the automotive repair industry evolves, technicians will likely need to specialize further in EVs compared to the more generalized knowledge needed for ICE vehicles.
Types of EV Repairs
In this guide, we delve into key EV repairs, including high-voltage safety measures and repair essentials.
1. Battery System
The battery is critical to an EV’s performance. Concerns about battery degradation and warranty expiration are common. Although battery repairs are rare, when necessary, they can be urgent. EV battery repairs require advanced training and certification.
Common battery issues include:
- Capacity Degradation: Loss of capacity due to temperature fluctuations and frequent fast charging. Technicians can address this with battery reconditioning or module replacement.
- Cell Imbalance: Imbalances between battery cells can compromise performance. Technicians balance or replace defective cells.
- Thermal Management System Malfunctions: Overheating can impact battery efficiency. Trained technicians can diagnose and repair cooling or heating element issues.
2. Charging System
A properly functioning charging system is crucial. Issues include:
- Charging Port Problems: Faulty charging ports require cleaning, connector replacement, or wiring fixes.
- Onboard Charger Issues: Problems with converting AC to DC power for the battery.
- Charging Cable Damage: Wear and tear on charging cables can disrupt connectivity.
3. Electric Motor and Drive Unit
The motor and drive unit are key to vehicle movement. Common issues include:
- Inverter Malfunctions: Issues with the inverter, which converts DC to AC power, can reduce performance.
- Motor Problems: Bearings, windings, or sensor failures may require component replacements.
- Regenerative Braking System Issues: Problems in brake-by-wire systems or sensor malfunctions can affect braking efficiency.
4. Electrical System
The EV electrical system includes components that can fail:
- Wiring Issues: Damaged wiring disrupts communication between parts.
- Control Unit Failures: Malfunctions can lead to erratic vehicle behavior, requiring reprogramming or repairs.
5. HVAC System
The HVAC system ensures passenger comfort. Common repairs include:
- Coolant Leaks: Compromise HVAC efficiency and vehicle thermal management.
- Blower Motor Issues: Affecting heating and cooling distribution.
6. Suspension and Braking System Repairs
While not exclusive to EVs, the suspension and braking systems are critical for safety. Issues include:
- Brake Pad Wear: Though less frequent, EVs still require brake pad replacements.
- Suspension Failures: EV suspension components may need replacement for optimal ride quality.
7. Software and Firmware Updates
Unlike traditional vehicles, EVs rely heavily on software and firmware. Updates can address bugs, improve performance, and add features—sometimes delivered over the air by the OEM.
8. Vehicle Parts
Like all vehicles, EVs have components that may need repair or replacement, such as windshields, door handles, low-voltage batteries, and parts affected by accidents.
Conclusion: EVs Are Cars and Need Repair
In conclusion, EVs require less maintenance but are not maintenance-free. Repairs can be complex, requiring specialized knowledge. It’s crucial that technicians adhere to safety protocols and receive proper training to work on these vehicles. As EVs continue to grow in popularity, both technicians and owners will need to adapt to a new era of automotive repair.